Researchers at Stanford University have conducted research involving high-speed cameras to reveal how the shape of the bubble and eventually exploded. The study also uses analytic modeling to reveal the new popping process. The researchers looked into bubbles emerged, which appeared to be benign on the surface because the bubbles were not desirable in the oil, pharmaceutical and bioreactor industry.
During the process of making or transporting various fluids, the bubble formation and broken can introduce problems in product quality. Stanford researchers are investigating physics behind bubbles as well, and the Stanford team works with international scientific collaboration to learn how various types of pop bubbles, with certain interests in bubbles with proteins embedded in the surface, which are common in the pharmaceutical industry and in the bioreactor are used for culture cell.
The team found the protein bubble opened like a flower when it appeared with a needle. Vinny Chandran Suja’s researcher said one surprise after years of research in bubble physics was that it was an unexpected phenomenon of beautiful. Bubbles appear in different ways depending on their physical and chemical properties, with one of the most important properties known as Viskoolasticity.
Viskoelasticity is a material state between fluids that are not entirely and not elastic. Unlike conventional soap bubbles, they find that viscoelastic bubbles with liquid properties and chefs such as defects in the form of expression that mimic flowers bloom. To see every step of the popping process, the team uses a high-speed camera that operates 20,000 frames per second, capturing the entire process in slow motion.
The team soaked metal rings in protein solutions with viscoelastic properties for their experiments. Furthermore, they carefully expand bubbles on the ring using very controlled airflow, and so bubbles are quite large, they make contact with needles and appears. When bubbles hit the needle, surface peeled like flower petals.
Astrophysican believes that the universe can be formed like a giant 3D donut
Astrophysicist Thomas Buchert from the University of Lyon has a very interesting theory of the universe. Bucert and the research team have worked to learn more about the universe and have examined the light of the very early universe. The team believes that the universe can multiply, meaning the space is closed on itself in the three dimensions such as a large three-dimensional donut.
Astrophysics believes if this is true, the universe will be limited. All cosmos may only be three or four times greater than the limits of the universe that can be observed, which is around 45 billion light years. If true, the universe in the form of donuts also has the possibility to allow the spacecraft that goes into one direction to finally return to the place that starts without turning.
The form of the universe is something that has been debated by astronomers for decades. Some believe that the flat universe where parallel lines remain parallel forever. Others believe the universe is closed, it becomes a parallel line finally intersect. Astronomers said the geometry of the universe determined his fate.
While the open university continues to grow forever, the closed universe finally collapsed by itself. Observations that focus on the background of the cosmic microwave, which is a flash of light released when the universe is only 380,000 years old, has determined that our universe is flat and parallel lines will remain parallel forever with the growing universe. However, there are more forms than geometry, and topology must be considered. Topology allows forms to change while maintaining the same geometric rules.
An example is a flat paper that has a parallel line that remains parallel. If you rotate paper into the cylinder, parallel lines are still parallel. If you take a piece of paper and connect the opposite end when rolled like a cylinder, you get a donut, which is still flat geometric. The team believes that warping occurs beyond observational limits and will be very difficult to detect. The team is looking at interference, which describes lumps and wheat in the temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation. They believe there may be a maximum size for disorders that can reveal the topology of the universe. Bucert and his team emphasized the results were the introduction and notes that the instrument effect could explain some of the results.
